Back to top

References


1 Common Humanity

1 Sawyer, W. & Wagner, P. (2023, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

2 Sawyer, W. (2022, August 25). Since you asked: How many people are released from state’s prisons and jails every year? Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2022/08/25/releasesbystate/

3 Simone, J. (2022). State of the Homeless 2022: New York at a Crossroads. Coalition for the Homeless. https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/StateofThe-Homeless2022.pdf

4 Sawyer, W. & Wagner, P. (2023, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

5 Phelps, M. S., Dickens, H. N., & Beadle, T. (2023). Are Supervision Violations Filling Prisons? The Role of Probation, Parole, and New Offenses in Driving Mass Incarceration. Socius, 9 (January – December 2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231221148631

6 Phelps, M. S., Dickens, H. N., & Beadle, T. (2023). Are Supervision Violations Filling Prisons? The Role of Probation, Parole, and New Offenses in Driving Mass Incarceration. Socius, 9 (January – December 2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231221148631

7 Sawyer, W. & Wagner, P. (2023, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

8 Equal Justice Initiative. (n.d.). Criminal Justice Reform. https://eji.org/criminal-justice-reform/

9 Skaathun, B., Maviglia, F., Vo, A., McBride, A., Seymour, S., Mendez, S., Gonsalves, G., & Beletsky, L. (2022). Prioritization of carceral spending in U.S. cities: Development of the Carceral Resource Index (CRI) and the role of race and income inequality. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276818

10 Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis estimated that the additional social costs of incarceration cost the U.S. $1 trillion per year (i.e., nearly 6% of GDP). More information is available here: https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/07/19/nine-lessons-about-criminal-justice-reform

11 Tanner, M.D. (2021, October 21). Poverty and Criminal Justice Reform. Cato Institute. https://www.cato.org/study/poverty-criminal-justice-reform

12Couloute, L. (2018, August). Nowhere to Go: Homelessness among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/housing.html

13Cleveland Neighborhood Progress (2019). Cuyahoga County Office of Reentry, Service and Asset Mapping Report at 13.

13Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New Press.

14 Cullen, J. (2018, July 20). The History of Mass Incarceration. Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/history-mass-incarceration

15 Sawyer, W. & Wagner, P. (2023, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

16 Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/

17 Monazzam, N. & Budd, K. M. (2023, April 3). Incarcerated Women and Girls. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/fact-sheet/incarcerated-women-and-girls/

18 Kurgan, L., Cadora, E., Williams, S., Reinfurt, D., & Meisterlin, L. (n.d.). Million Dollar Blocks. Columbia University Center for Spatial Research. https://c4sr.columbia.edu/projects/million-dollar-blocks

19 Solomon, A., Thomson, G., & Keegan, S. (2004). Prisoner Reentry in Michigan. Urban Institute Justice Policy Center. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/prisoner-reentry-michigan

20 Cooper, D. & Lugalia-Hollon, R. (n.d.). Chicago’s Million Dollar Blocks. DataMade. https://chicagosmilliondollarblocks.com/#total

21 Bryan, I., Patlan, R., Dupuy, D., & Lytle Hernandez, K. (2019). The Los Angeles Police Department Metro Division. The Million Dollar Hoods Project. https://milliondollarhoods.pre.ss.ucla.edu/

22 Dupuy, D., Lee, E., Tso, M., & Lytle Hernández, K. (2020). Black People in the Los Angeles County Jail: Bookings by the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department. The Million Dollar Hoods Project. https://milliondollarhoods.pre.ss.ucla.edu/

23 Enterprise Community Partners & Arcstratta. (n.d.). Housing as a Pathway to Justice: Landscape Analysis of Baltimore City. Enterprise Community Partners, Inc. https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/resources/housing-pathway-justice-landscape-analysis-baltimore-city

24 Enterprise Community Partners & Arcstratta. (n.d.). Housing as a Pathway to Justice: Landscape Analysis of The District of Columbia. Enterprise Community Partners, Inc. https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/resources/housing-pathway-justice-landscape-analysis-district-columbia

25 Sampson, R. J., & Loeffler, C. (2011). Punishment’s place: The local concentration of mass incarceration. Daedalus, 139(3), 20–31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043762/

26 Caloir, H., & Mangat, M. (2021, February 4). Can We Curb Crime by Cleaning the Corner? Shelterforce. https://shelterforce.org/2021/02/04/can-we-curb-crime-by-cleaning-the-corner/

27 Rhodes, W., Dyous, C., Kling, R., Hunt, D., & Luallen, J. (2013). Recidivism of Offenders on Federal Community Supervision. (Report no. 241018). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/bjs/grants/241018.pdf

28 Ghandnoosh, N. (2014, September 3). Race and Punishment: Racial Perceptions of Crime and Support for Punitive Policies. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/race-and-punishment-racial-perceptions-of-crime-and-support-for-punitive-policies/

29 Ellis, E. (n.d.), An Open Letter to Our Friends on the Question of Language. Center for NuLeadership on Human Justice & Healing. https://perma.cc/JQ67-UKHZ

30 Keller, J., & Pearce, A. (2016, September 2). A Small Indiana County Sends More People to Prison Than San Francisco and Durham, N.C., Combined. Why? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/02/upshot/new-geography-of-prisons.html

31 Keller, J., & Pearce, A. (2016, September 2). A Small Indiana County Sends More People to Prison Than San Francisco and Durham, N.C., Combined. Why? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/02/upshot/new-geography-of-prisons.html

32 Eason, J., & Nembhard, S. (2023, June 16). Debunking Four Myths About the Prison Building Boom Supporting Mass Incarceration. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/debunking-four-myths-about-prison-building-boom-supporting-mass-incarceration

33 Eason, J., & Nembhard, S. (2023, June 16). Debunking Four Myths About the Prison Building Boom Supporting Mass Incarceration. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/debunking-four-myths-about-prison-building-boom-supporting-mass-incarceration

34 Cullen, J. (2018, July 20). The History of Mass Incarceration. Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/history-mass-incarceration

35 NAACP. (2022, November 4). Criminal Justice Fact Sheet. https://naacp.org/resources/criminal-justice-fact-sheet

36Jacobs, L. A., & Gottlieb, A. (2020). The Effect of Housing Circumstances on Recidivism: Evidence from a Sample of People on Probation in San Francisco. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(9), 1097–1115. DOI: 10.1177/0093854820942285

37 U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Office of the Secretary. (2022, April 12). Eliminating Barriers That May Unnecessarily Prevent Individuals with Criminal Histories from Participating in HUD Programs. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/Main/documents/Memo_on_Criminal_Records.pdf

38 Warren, C. (2019, January). Success in Housing: How Much Does Criminal Background Matter? Amherst H. Wilder Foundation. https://www.wilder.org/wilder-research/research-library/success-housing-how-much-does-criminal-background-matter

39 Tuttle, S. & Rynell, A. (2019). Win-Win: Equipping Housing Providers to Open Doors to Housing for People with Criminal Records. Heartland Alliance. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/35116/35116.pdf

40U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. (2016, April 4). Office of General Counsel Guidance on Application of Fair Housing Act Standards to the Use of Criminal Records by Providers of Housing and Real Estate-Related Transactions. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/HUD_OGCGUIDAPPFHASTANDCR.PDF

41 Lau, T. (2022, December 15). Fair Chance for Housing offers a fighting chance for New Yorkers with a conviction against racist rental practices. Amsterdam News. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/15/fair-chance-for-housing-offers-fighting-chance-for-new-yorkers-with-a-conviction-against-racist-rental-practices/

42 Tuttle, S. & Rynell, A. (2019). Win-Win: Equipping Housing Providers to Open Doors to Housing for People with Criminal Records. Heartland Alliance. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/35116/35116.pdf

43 The Fortune Society. (2022, August 9). Why We Need Fair Chance for Housing for Justice Involved Individuals. Video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFo8zkIwZfs

2 Housing and the Criminal Legal System

44 Lemmon, J. J. (2023, March 20). “How Do People Released From Prison Find Housing?” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/20/realestate/prison-parole-housing-shelters.html

45 Enterprise Community Partners. (2021, May 25). When ZIP Code Doesn’t Matter. Enterprise. https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/blog/when-zip-code-doesnt-matter

46 Perry, A. M., Rothwell, J., & Harshbarger, D. (2018, November 27). The devaluation of assets in Black neighborhoods. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/devaluation-of-assets-in-black-neighborhoods/

47 Love, H. & Vey, J. S. (2019, August 28). To build safe streets, we need to address racism in urban design. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2019/08/28/to-build-safe-streets-we-need-to-address-racism-in-urban-design/

48 White, E., Spate, B., Alexander, J. and Swarner, R. (2023).“Two Battlefields”: Opps, Cops, and NYC Youth Gun Culture. Center for Justice Innovation. https://www.innovatingjustice.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2023/TwoBattlefields_Report_07142023.pdf

49 White, E., Spate, B., Alexander, J. and Swarner, R. (2023). “Two Battlefields”: Opps, Cops, and NYC Youth Gun Culture. Center for Justice Innovation. https://www.innovatingjustice.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2023/TwoBattlefields_Report_07142023.pdf

50 Vohra, M. (n.d.). Housing First for Formerly Incarcerated People PowerPoint slides. Homebase. https://az659834.vo.msecnd.net/eventsairsthcusprod/production-horizonmeetings-public/65a741e15d46415daa6530f55de77e6a

51Couloute, L. (2018, August). Nowhere to Go: Homelessness among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/housing.html

52 Couloute, L. (2018, August). Nowhere to Go: Homelessness among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/housing.html

53 Bailey, M., Crew, E. & Reeve, M. (2020, August). No Access to Justice: Breaking the Cycle of Homelessness and Jail. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.safetyandjusticechallenge.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/homelessness-brief-web.pdf

54 Sawyer, W. & Wagner, P. (2023, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

55 Ostrom, B. J., Hamblin, L. E., & Schauffler, R. Y. (2020). Delivering Timely Justice in Criminal Cases: A National Picture. National Center for State Courts. https://www.ncsc.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/53216/Delivering-Timely-Justice-in-Criminal-Cases-A-National-Picture.pdf

56 Corral, A., Stock, S. & Sanchez, J. (2022, December 20). Growing backlog of court cases delays justice for crime victims and the accused. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/growing-backlog-of-court-cases-delays-justice-for-crime-victims-and-the-accused/

57 Sawyer, W. & Wagner, P. (2023, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

58 Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons. (2006, May). Confronting Confinement. Vera. https://www.vera.org/publications/confronting-confinement

59 Miller, R.W. (2021, June 30). Once incarcerated on Rikers Island, he'll help New York City close jail. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/06/30/stanley-richards-former-rikers-inmate-named-nyc-jail-leadership/7803937002/

59a Zaveri, M. (2022, August 9). Criminal Background Checks May Be Banned in N.Y.C. Housing Applications. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/…cks-nyc-housing.html

60 Simone, J. (2022). State of the Homeless 2022: New York at a Crossroads. Coalition for the Homeless. https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/StateofThe-Homeless2022.pdf

61 Simone, J. (2022). State of the Homeless 2022: New York at a Crossroads. Coalition for the Homeless. https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/StateofThe-Homeless2022.pdf

62 Copeland, P., Jacob, D., Young, D., Grier, A., Kennedy, S. & Tripodi, S. (2015). Smart Decarceration Practice Behaviors for Social Work Competencies. Institute for Justice Research and Development. https://ijrd.csw.fsu.edu/sites/g/files/upcbnu1766/files/media/images/publication_pdfs/Smart_Decarceration_Practice_Behaviors_for_Social_WorkCompetencies.pdf

63 Tuttle, S. & Rynell, A. (2019). Win-Win: Equipping Housing Providers to Open Doors to Housing for People with Criminal Records. Heartland Alliance. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/35116/35116.pdf

64 Geller, A. & Curtis, M. A. (2011). A Sort of Homecoming: Incarceration and the housing security of urban men. Social Science Research, 40(4), 1196–1213. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.03.008

65 Couloute, L. (2018, August). Nowhere to Go: Homelessness among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/housing.html

66 National Association of Counties. (2018). Housing for the Justice-Involved: The Case for County Action. John Jay College Institute for Justice and Opportunity. https://justiceandopportunity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2017-Reentry-Report_Housing_02.13.18-2.pdf

67 National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives. (2023, April 6). Fact Sheet: Cost of Homelessness. https://www.npscoalition.org/post/fact-sheet-cost-of-homelessness#

68 Couloute, L. & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of Prison & Out of Work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.ywboston.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Out-of-Prison-Out-of-Work-_-Prison-Policy-Initiative.pdf

69 Couloute, L. & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of Prison & Out of Work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.ywboston.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Out-of-Prison-Out-of-Work-_-Prison-Policy-Initiative.pdf

70 Couloute, L. (2018). Getting Back on Course: Educational exclusion and attainment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/education.html

71 Couloute, L. (2018). Getting Back on Course: Educational exclusion and attainment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/education.html

72 Nellis, A. (2022). Nothing But Time: Elderly Americans Serving Life Without Parole. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/nothing-but-time-elderly-americans-serving-life-without-parole/#footnote-ref-2

73 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMSHA’S Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/resource/dbhis/samhsas-concept-trauma-guidance-trauma-informed-approach

74 Lee, R. & Callahan, L. (2022). Trauma-Informed Approaches Across the Sequential Intercept Model. Council of State Governments Justice Center. https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CSGJC_Trauma-Informed-Care-Across-the-Sequential-Intercept-Model-AUG2022.pdf

75 Preservation of Affordable Housing. (n.d.). Why Trauma-Informed Housing?. https://traumainformedhousing.poah.org/why-trauma-informed-housing

76 Lee, R. & Callahan, L. (2022). Trauma-Informed Approaches Across the Sequential Intercept Model. Council of State Governments Justice Center. https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CSGJC_Trauma-Informed-Care-Across-the-Sequential-Intercept-Model-AUG2022.pdf

77 Preservation of Affordable Housing. (n.d.). The Four Principles of Trauma-Informed Housing. https://traumainformedhousing.poah.org/the-four-principles-trauma-informed-housing

78 Raja, S., Hasnain, M., Hoersch, M., Gove-Yin, S. & Rajagopalan, C. (2015). Trauma Informed Care in Medicine: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions. Family & Community Health, 38(3), 216-226. DOI: 10.1097/FCH.0000000000000071

79 The Fortune Society. (n.d.). Words Matter: Using Humanizing Language. https://fortunesociety.org/wordsmatter/

80 Enterprise & Preservation of Affordable Housing. (n.d.). Trauma-Informed Housing: A Deeper Dive into the Intersection of Trauma & Housing. https://traumainformedhousing.poah.org/sites/default/files/assets/A_Deeper_Dive_into_the_Intersection_of_Trauma_and_Housing.pdf

81 McClure, B. (2023, July 28). Trauma-Informed Care: A Key Factor in Housing for Justice-Impacted People. Enterprise Community Partners. https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/blog/trauma-informed-care-key-factor-housing-justice-impacted-people

82 Preservation of Affordable Housing. (n.d.). Trauma & Housing. https://traumainformedhousing.poah.org/trauma-housing

83 Jayawickreme, E. & Blackie, L. E. R. (2014, July 1). Post-traumatic Growth as Positive Personality Change: Evidence, Controversies and Future Directions. European Personality Reviews, (28)4. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1002/per.1963

3 Housing As a Necessary Base of Operations

84 Geller, A. & Curtis, M.A. (2011, July 1). A Sort of Homecoming: Incarceration and the housing security of urban men. Social Science Research, 40(4), 1196–1213. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173782/

85 Thompson, A. C. (2009). Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics. NYU Press.

86 Lau, T. (2022, December 15). Fair Chance for Housing offers a fighting chance for New Yorkers with a conviction against racist rental practices. Amsterdam News. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/15/fair-chance-for-housing-offers-fighting-chance-for-new-yorkers-with-a-conviction-against-racist-rental-practices/

87 Lau, T. (2022, December 15). Fair Chance for Housing offers a fighting chance for New Yorkers with a conviction against racist rental practices. Amsterdam News. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/15/fair-chance-for-housing-offers-fighting-chance-for-new-yorkers-with-a-conviction-against-racist-rental-practices/

4 Legal Framework

88 Turner, T. (2023, April 26). HUD Rule Changes Will Ease Housing Barriers for Tenants with Criminal History, Officials Say. City Limits. https://citylimits.org/2023/04/26/hud-rule-changes-will-ease-housing-barriers-for-tenants-with-criminal-history-officials-say/?oref=csny_firstreadtonight_nl

89 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). History of Fair Housing. hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/aboutfheo/history

90 Tran-Leung, M. (2015). When Discretion Means Denial: A National Perspective on Criminal Records Barriers to Federally Subsidized Housing. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law. https://www.povertylaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WDMD-final.pdf

91 Tran-Leung, M. (2015). When Discretion Means Denial: A National Perspective on Criminal Records Barriers to Federally Subsidized Housing. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law. https://www.povertylaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WDMD-final.pdf

92 Tran-Leung, M. (2015). When Discretion Means Denial: A National Perspective on Criminal Records Barriers to Federally Subsidized Housing. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law. https://www.povertylaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WDMD-final.pdf

93 U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. (2016, April 4). Office of General Counsel Guidance on Application of Fair Housing Act Standards to the Use of Criminal Records by Providers of Housing and Real Estate-Related Transactions. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/HUD_OGCGUIDAPPFHASTANDCR.PDF

94 U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. (2016, April 4). Office of General Counsel Guidance on Application of Fair Housing Act Standards to the Use of Criminal Records by Providers of Housing and Real Estate-Related Transactions. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/HUD_OGCGUIDAPPFHASTANDCR.PDF

95 U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Office of the Secretary. (2022, April 12). Eliminating Barriers That May Unnecessarily Prevent Individuals with Criminal Histories from Participating in HUD Programs. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/Main/documents/Memo_on_Criminal_Records.pdf

96 Tuttle, S. & Rynell, A. (2019). Win-Win: Equipping Housing Providers to Open Doors to Housing for People with Criminal Records. Heartland Alliance. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/35116/35116.pdf

97 HUD Public Affairs. (2023, April 24). HUD Outlines its Action Plan to Remove Unnecessary Barriers to Housing for People with Criminal Records. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). https://www.hud.gov/press/press_releases_media_advisories/hud_no_23_083

98 Relman Colfax. (2014). The Fortune Society v. Sandcastle Towers Housing Development Fund Corp. https://www.relmanlaw.com/cases-fortune

99 Relman Colfax. (2023, August 21). Relman Colfax Secures $500,000 Judgment Against Affordable Housing Marketing Agent that Categorically Excluded Applicants with Criminal Legal Involvement. https://www.relmanlaw.com/news-495

100 The Federal Credit Reporting Act 15 U.S.C § 1681 § 603 d.1. (Version: May 2023) https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/fcra-may2023-508.pdf

101 The Federal Credit Reporting Act 15 U.S.C § 1681 § 603 d.1. (Version: May 2023) https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/fcra-may2023-508.pdf

102 The Federal Credit Reporting Act 15 U.S.C § 1681 § 603 d.1. (Version: May 2023) https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/fcra-may2023-508.pdf

103 The Federal Credit Reporting Act 15 U.S.C § 1681 § 603 d.1. (Version: May 2023) https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/fcra-may2023-508.pdf

104 Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. (2021, November). Fair Credit Reporting; Name-Only Matching Procedures, 12 CFR Part 1022. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_name-only-matching_advisory-opinion_2021-11.pdf

105 Brennan, C. (2023, April 17). Background Check Industry Profits Off ‘Digital Punishment,’ Despite Flawed Data. The Appeal. https://theappeal.org/criminal-background-checks-industry-for-profit/

106 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. (2022, November). Tenant Background Checks Market. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_tenant-background-checks-market_report_2022-11.pdf

107 Yu, P. & Dietrich, S.M. (2012). Broken Records How Errors by Criminal Background Checking Companies Harm Workers and Businesses. National Consumer Law Center. https://filearchive.nclc.org/pr-reports/broken-records-report.pdf

108 Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. (2021, November). Fair Credit Reporting; Name-Only Matching Procedures, 12 CFR Part 1022. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_name-only-matching_advisory-opinion_2021-11.pdf

109 Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. (2022, June). The Fair Credit Reporting Act’s Limited Preemption of State Laws. https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_fcra-preemption_interpretive-rule_2022-06.pdf

110 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. (2022, November). Tenant Background Checks Market. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_tenant-background-checks-market_report_2022-11.pdf

5 Housing Typologies

111 Cortes, K. & Rogers, S. (2010). Reentry Housing Options: The Policymakers’ Guide. Council of State Governments Justice Center. https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Reentry_Housing_Options-1.pdf

112 Prisoner Reentry Institute at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The Fortune Society, Corporation for Supportive Housing & The Supportive Housing Network of New York. (2017). A place to call home: A vision for safe, supportive and affordable housing for people with justice system involvement. The Fortune Society. https://issuu.com/thefortunesociety/docs/place_to_call_home_final_08142017

113 D.C. Department of Human Services. (n.d.). Project Reconnect. https://dhs.dc.gov/page/project-reconnect

114 East Oakland Community Project. (n.d.). Comprehensive Support From Emergency to Permanent Housing. https://www.eocp.net/residential-services/

115 The First 72+. (n.d.). Ben Smith Welcome Home Center. https://www.first72plus.org/welcome-home-center

116 The Fortune Society. (n.d.). Services That Build Lives. https://fortunesociety.org/services-that-build-lives/#Housing

117 Reentry and Housing Coalition. (n.d.). Housing Options for Reentry. http://www.reentryandhousing.org/private-housing#transitional

117 Reentry and Housing Coalition. (n.d.). Housing Options for Reentry. http://www.reentryandhousing.org/private-housing#transitional

119 Corporation for Supportive Housing. (2022, October 11). Supportive Housing 101. https://www.csh.org/supportive-housing-101/

120 Urban Institute. (2023, April 5). Housing Finance Basics for Criminal Justice Partners. https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Housing%20Finance%20Basics%20for%20Criminal%20Justice%20Partners.pdf

121 Hour Children. (n.d.). Supportive Housing. https://hourchildren.org/how-we-help/supportive-housing/

122 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (n.d.). HUD’s Public Housing Program. https://www.hud.gov/topics/rental_assistance/phprog

123 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (2021, October 28). HUD’s Public Housing Program. https://www.hud.gov/topics/rental_assistance/phprog

124 HUD User. (n.d.). New York City Housing Authority’s Family Reentry Pilot Program. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer16/highlight3-sidebar.html

125 Vera Institute of Justice. (2015, August). Public Housing for People with Criminal Histories. https://www.vera.org/publications/public-housing-for-people-with-criminal-histories-fact-sheet

126 HUD User. (n.d.). New York City Housing Authority’s Family Reentry Pilot Program. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer16/highlight3-sidebar.html

127 Nagrecha, M. & Page, J. (2017, April 7). How The Fortune Society Achieved a Triple Bottom Line with Castle Gardens. Issuu. https://issuu.com/thefortunesociety/docs/fortune_news_-_castle_gardens

128 NYC Human Rights. (n.d.). Source of Income Discrimination. https://www.nyc.gov/site/cchr/media/source-of-income.page# Note: The law was challenged and found to violate landlords’ Fourth Amendment rights against warrantless searches of their records and properties. The decision is being appealed.

129 Brand, D. (2023, February 15). NYC real estate firms accused of housing discrimination face sweeping lawsuit. Gothamist. https://gothamist.com/news/nyc-real-estate-firms-accused-of-housing-discrimination-face-sweeping-lawsuit

130 Waggoner, J. (2022, October 28). Breaking Down Income Discrimination. Affordable Housing Finance. https://www.housingfinance.com/news/breaking-down-income-discrimination_o

131 Cunningham, M., Galvez, M., Aranda, C., Santos, R., Wissoker, D., Oneto, A., Pitingolo, R., & Crawford, J. (2018, August). Pilot Study of Landlord Acceptance of Housing Choice Vouchers. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. https://www.huduser.gov/portal//portal/sites/default/files/pdf/ExecSumm-Landlord-Acceptance-of-Housing-Choice-Vouchers.pdf

132 Cunningham, M., Galvez, M., Aranda, C., Santos, R., Wissoker, D., Oneto, A., Pitingolo, R., & Crawford, J. (2018, August). Pilot Study of Landlord Acceptance of Housing Choice Vouchers. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. https://www.huduser.gov/portal//portal/sites/default/files/pdf/ExecSumm-Landlord-Acceptance-of-Housing-Choice-Vouchers.pdf

6 Ways to Finance Permanent Housing

133 Office of Justice Programs. (2018, April). Second Chance Act (Fact Sheet). U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/second-chance-act-fact-sheet-fiscal-years-2009-2022

134 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). CoC: Continuum of Care Program. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/

135 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Community Development Block Grant Entitlement Program. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/cdbg-entitlement/

136 Cause IQ. (n.d.). Volunteers of America. https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/volunteers-of-america-volunteers-of-america-of-sou,720709750/

137 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). ESG Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/esg/esg-requirements/

138 Covenant House. (2021, June 30). Covenant House and Affiliates Consolidated Financial Statements Together With Independent Auditors’ Report 2021. https://covenanthousecalifornia.org/archive/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Covenant-House-California-FYE2021-Single-Audit-FS.pdf

139 New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance. (n.d.). Capital Program Unit. https://otda.ny.gov/programs/housing/hhap.asp

140 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2004, January). The Low Income Housing Tax Credit for Nonprofits Developing Rural Rental Housing. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/19565_LOWINCOMETAXCREDIT.PDF

141 Roth, C. J. (2022, August 5). East Bay Asian Local Development Corporation comment on the proposed updates to the Community Reinvestment Act rule. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. https://www.fdic.gov/resources/regulations/federal-register-publications/2022/2022-community-reinvestment-act-3064-af81-c-262.pdf

142 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Family Unification Program. https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indian_housing/programs/hcv/family

143 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2017, January). Fact Sheet: Housing Choice Voucher Program Family Unification Program (FUP). https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/FUP_FACT_SHEET.PDF

144 NYC Continuum of Care. (n.d.) Other Funding. https://www.nyc.gov/site/nycccoc/providers/other-funding.page

145 The Network Supportive Housing Network of NY. (n.d.). NYS Empire State Supportive Housing Initiative (ESSHI). https://shnny.org/fundingguide/nys-empire-state-supportive-housing-initiative-esshi/

146 Center for Community Alternatives. (2020, August 25). Freedom Commons. https://communityalternatives.org/programs/freedom-commons/

147 The Fortune Society. (n.d.). Award-Winning Nonprofit Details Plans for New Supportive Housing Coming to 97th Street: ‘Ask Us Anything’. https://fortunesociety.org/media_center/award-winning-nonprofit-details-plans-for-new-supportive-housing-coming-to-97th-street-ask-us-anything/

148 Corporation for Supportive Housing. (2013, March). Castle Gardens, New York, NY Integrated Family Supportive Housing. https://www.csh.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Fortune-Society-Castle-Gardens1.pdf

149 Syracuse Housing Authority. (n.d.). Freedom Commons. https://syracusehousing.org/find-a-home/freedom-commons/

150 SWBR. (2021, March 11). Freedom Commons. https://www.swbr.com/design/freedom-commons/

151 Office of Policy Development & Research. (n.d.). Syracuse, New York: From Prison to Stability on the Outside. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/casestudies/study-060122.html

152 Norstar. (n.d.). Freedom Commons – Syracuse, New York. https://norstarus.com/nd-usa-projects/freedom-commons/

153 Sustainable Comfort. (2020, July 17). Freedom Commons Wins LEED Homes Outstanding Affordable Project of the Year Award. https://greenrater.com/news/freedom-commons-leed-award

155 City of Oakland. (2022, September 7). City of Oakland Receives $5.6M Homekey Award for Transitional Housing Acquisition and Rehabilitation. https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/2022/city-of-oakland-receives-5-6m-homekey-award-for-transitional-housing-acquisition-and-rehabilitation

156 Cause IQ. (n.d.). Kingdom Builders Transitional Housing Program. https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/kingdom-builders-transitional-housing-program,823294057/

157 City of Oakland. (2022, September 7). City of Oakland Receives $5.6M Homekey Award for Transitional Housing Acquisition and Rehabilitation. https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/2022/city-of-oakland-receives-5-6m-homekey-award-for-transitional-housing-acquisition-and-rehabilitation

158 Office of Mental Health New York State. (2021). Empire State Supportive Housing Initiative - Inter-Agency Service and Operating Funding Opportunity Request for Proposals. https://omh.ny.gov/omhweb/rfp/2023/esshi/esshi_round_eight_rfp_final.pdf

159 NYC Housing Authority. (n.d.). About Section 8. https://www.nyc.gov/site/nycha/section-8/about-section-8.page

160 NYC Housing Preservation & Development. (n.d.). About Section 8. https://www.nyc.gov/site/hpd/services-and-information/about-section-8.page

161 New York State Homes and Community Renewal. (n.d.). Section 8 - Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Program. https://hcr.ny.gov/section-8-housing-choice-voucher-hcv-program

162 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Eligibility Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-program-eligibility-requirements/

163 Grant Thornton LLP. (2021, December 31). Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Information Together with Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants. https://d2cbcykciwaak1.cloudfront.net/documents/2021-Breaking-Ground-Housing-Development-Fund-Corporation-and-Affiliates-FINAL-FS.pdf?mtime=20220827141803

164 New York State Homes and Community Renewal. (n.d.). NYS HOME Program. https://hcr.ny.gov/nys-home-program

165 The Network Supportive Housing Network of New York. (n.d.). Funding Guide. https://shnny.org/funding/

166 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2004, January). The Low Income Housing Tax Credit for Nonprofits Developing Rural Rental Housing. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/19565_LOWINCOMETAXCREDIT.PDF

167 Corporation for Supportive Housing. (2013, March). Castle Gardens, New York, NY Integrated Family Supportive Housing. https://www.csh.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Fortune-Society-Castle-Gardens1.pdf

168 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). ESG Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/esg/esg-requirements/

169 NYC.gov. (n.d.). Emergency Solutions Grants Program (ESG). https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nycccoc/downloads/pdf/ESG-Program-Overview_Final-Draft.pdf

170 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Eligibility Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-program-eligibility-requirements/

171 Bay Area Community Services. (2022, July 13). 2021 Bay Area Community Services Consolidated Financial Statements. https://bayareacs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/FY-20-21-BACS-Audit.pdf

172 Homelessness Solutions in Alameda County. (n.d.). HUD Awards $15 Million to Address Unsheltered Homelessness. https://homelessness.acgov.org/policy.page

173 Homelessness Solutions in Alameda County. (n.d.). HUD Awards $15 Million to Address Unsheltered Homelessness. https://homelessness.acgov.org/policy.page

174 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Community Development Block Grant Program. https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/comm_planning/cdbg

175 ProPublica. (2021, June 30). Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_audit/21118020211

176 City of Oakland. (2023, February 1). Housing Development Notice of Funding Availability Opportunities (NOFA). https://www.oaklandca.gov/resources/nofa-opportunities

177 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2019, June 19). Publicly Assisted Rental Units in the City of Oakland. https://cao-94612.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Directory-of-Assisted-Rental-Housing-2019.pdf

178 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2019, June 19). Publicly Assisted Rental Units in the City of Oakland. https://cao-94612.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Directory-of-Assisted-Rental-Housing-2019.pdf

179 Covenant House. (2021, June 30). Covenant House and Affiliates Consolidated Financial Statements Together With Independent Auditors’ Report 2021. https://covenanthousecalifornia.org/archive/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Covenant-House-California-FYE2021-Single-Audit-FS.pdf

180 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Eligibility Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-program-eligibility-requirements/

181 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2019, June 19). Publicly Assisted Rental Units in the City of Oakland. https://cao-94612.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Directory-of-Assisted-Rental-Housing-2019.pdf

182 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – California. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/CA_Press_Report.pdf

183 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – California. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/CA_Press_Report.pdf

184 Cause IQ. (n.d.). Abode Services. https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/abode-services,943087060/

185 National Reentry Resource Center. (n.d.). Second Chance Act. https://nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/second-chance-act

186Clark, A., Costello, J., Francis, C., Lookingbill, A. & Wurzburg, S. (2022, December 31). The Role of Housing Supports in Reentry. [PowerPoint slides]. The National Reentry Resource Center. https://nationalreentryresour…InReentry_slides.pdf

187Clark, A., Costello, J., Francis, C., Lookingbill, A. & Wurzburg, S. (2022, December 31). The Role of Housing Supports in Reentry. [PowerPoint slides]. The National Reentry Resource Center. https://nationalreentryresour…InReentry_slides.pdf

188 California Grants Portal. (2022, February 12). Adult Reentry Grant Program. https://www.grants.ca.gov/grants/adult-reentry-grant-program/

189 Jubilee Housing. (2023, March 29). Jubilee Housing Awarded Nearly $2.2 Million in Grants from Amazon Housing Equity Fund and National Fair Housing Alliance. https://jubileehousing.org/2023/03/29/jubilee-housing-awarded-nearly-2-2-million-in-grants-from-amazon-housing-equity-fund-and-national-fair-housing-alliance/

190 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Eligibility Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-program-eligibility-requirements/

191 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – District of Columbia. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/DC_Press_Report.pdf

192 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – District of Columbia. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/DC_Press_Report.pdf

193 Friendship Place. (2020, September 30). Friendship Place Financial Statements. https://friendshipplace.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/FP-21-FS-Final.pdf

194 HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Eligibility Requirements. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-program-eligibility-requirements/

195 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – Louisiana. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/LA_Press_Report.pdf

196 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – Louisiana. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/LA_Press_Report.pdf

197 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Fiscal Year 2022 Continuum of Care Competition Homeless Assistance Award Report – Louisiana. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CPD/documents/CoC/2022/LA_Press_Report.pdf

8 Relationship Building

300The Fortune Society. (2017). In Our Backyard. https://fortunesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Community.pdf

301The Fortune Society. (2017). In Our Backyard. https://fortunesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Community.pdf

302Corporation for Supportive Housing. (2001). Family Matters: A Guide to Developing Family Supportive Housing. https://www.csh.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Tool_FamilyMatters.pdf

303Corporation for Supportive Housing. (2001). Family Matters: A Guide to Developing Family Supportive Housing. https://www.csh.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Tool_FamilyMatters.pdf

A Survey of state and local laws

197b See e.g., Seattle, WA., Municipal Code Sec 14.09 (2018), Oakland, CA. Municipal Code, ch. 8.25 (effective 2020), and Berkeley, CA., Municipal Code, ch. 13.106 (effective 2020). Note that a recent panel decision in the 9th circuit calls into question the requirement to refrain from conducting background checks, though the impact of the decision (and appeals to it) have yet to be determined.

197c See e.g., Seattle, WA., Municipal Code Sec 14.09 (2018), Oakland, CA. Municipal Code, ch. 8.25 (effective 2020), and Berkeley, CA., Municipal Code, ch. 13.106 (effective 2020). Note that a recent panel decision in the 9th circuit calls into question the requirement to refrain from conducting background checks, though the impact of the decision (and appeals to it) have yet to be determined.

197d See e.g., San Francisco, CA., Police Code art. 49, Ordinance No. 17-14 (2014) (requires conditional offer, but only covers affordable housing, and so long as on paper housing providers comply with the procedures on paper, it is difficult for enforcement agencies to verify if the background checks were actually delayed or run up front).

B Harms of Mass Incarceration

202Prison Policy Initiative. (2018, October). Getting Back on Course: Educational exclusion and attainment among formerly incarcerated people. [Press release]. https://d228fbfa-2deb-4801-91…ports/education.html

203Federal Student Aid. (n.d.). Eligibility for Students With Criminal Convictions. Retrieved July 13, 2023, from https://studentaid.gov/unders…criminal-convictions

204Delaney, R., Subramanian, R. & Patrick, F. (2016). Making the Grade: Developing Quality Postsecondary Education Programs in Prison. The Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/making-the-grade-postsecondary-education-programs-in-prison.pdf

204aGorgol, L.E., & Sponsler, B.A. (2011). Unlocking Potential: Results of a National Survey of Postsecondary Education in State Prisons. Institute for Higher Education Policy. https://perma.cc/CL7Y-CZHA

204bStephan, J. J. (2008). Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. https://perma.cc/M4GS-8PJM

205American Academy of Family Physicians. (2021). Incarceration and Health: A Family Medicine Perspective (Position Paper). AAFP. https://www.aafp.org/about/po…l/incarceration.html

206McCann, S. (2022, June 29). Health Care Behind Bars: Missed Appointments, No Standards, and High Costs. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera.org/news/hea…dards-and-high-costs

207Katie Rose Quandt and Alexi Jones, Research Roundup: Incarceration can cause lasting damage to mental health, Prison Policy Initiative. (May 21, 2021), https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2021/05/13/mentalhealthimpacts/.

208Quandt, K. R., & Jones, A. (2021, May 21). Research Roundup: Incarceration can cause lasting damage to mental health. Briefings. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/…mentalhealthimpacts/.

209Schwatzapfel, B., & Jenkins, J. (2021, July 15). Inside the Nation’s Overdose Crisis in Prisons and Jails. The Marshall Project. https://www.themarshallprojec…in-prisons-and-jails

210Flynn, J. (2022, December 14). 18 Out of Prison Employment Statistics [2023]: Economic Opportunity for Formerly Incarcerated. Zippia. https://www.zippia.com/advice…ployment-statistics/

211New York City Commission on Human Rights. (n.d.). Fair Chance Act. NYC Human Rights. https://www.nyc.gov/site/cchr…%20criminal%20record

212Wang, L., & Bertram, W. (2022, February 8). New data on formerly incarcerated people’s employment reveal labor market injustices. Briefings. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/…22/02/08/employment/

213Ewald, A. C. (2019). Barbers, Caregivers, and the “Disciplinary Subject”: Occupational Licensure for People with Criminal Justice Backgrounds in the United States. Fordham Urban Law Journal 46(4), 719-843. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol46/iss4/1/

214Grawert, A., & Craigie, T. A. (2020, November 4). Mass Incarceration Has Been a Driving Force of Economic Inequality. Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org…-economic-inequality

215Lake, J. (2021, April 14). Preventing and Removing Barriers to Housing Security for People with Criminal Convictions. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.…riminal-convictions/

216Geringer-Sameth, E. (2022, June 3). Little Being Done to Address New York’s Prison-to-Shelter Pipeline. Gotham Gazette. https://www.gothamgazette.com…son-shelter-pipeline

217Nelson, A. (2019, December 16). Fertile Ground for FCRA Claims: Employee & Tenant Background Checks. National Consumer Law Center Digital Library. https://library.nclc.org/fert…nt-background-checks (Reveals that 90% of landlords contract with third parties to perform background checks, not including those landlords that perform backgrounds checks themselves.)

218Legislative Services Commission. (2020, July 30). Ohio Administrative Code 123:1-33-11 Disability Leave. Ohio Laws & Administrative Rules. https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-a…ode/rule-123:1-33-11

219U.S. House of Representatives. (2024, June 4). 21 USC §862a. Denial of assistance and benefits for certain drug-related convictions. Office of the Law Revision Counsel United States Code. https://uscode.house.gov/view…2a%20edition:prelim)

220North Carolina Justice Center. (n.d.). The Felony Snap Ban: A Second Chance for Food Security. Retrieved July 13, 2023, from https://www.ncjustice.org/felony-snap-ban/

221ACLU. (2010, September 1). ACLU History: Felon Disfranchisement: A Relic of Jim Crow. https://www.aclu.org/documents/aclu-history-felon-disfranchisement-relic-jim-crow

221aACLU. (n.d.). Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (Map). https://www.aclu.org/issues/v…anchisement-laws-map

222ACLU. (n.d.). Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (Map). https://www.aclu.org/issues/v…anchisement-laws-map

223ACLU. (n.d.). Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (Map). https://www.aclu.org/issues/v…anchisement-laws-map

224ACLU. (n.d.). Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (Map). https://www.aclu.org/issues/v…anchisement-laws-map

225Fair Chance for Housing. (2024, January 20). Statement: The Fair Chance for Housing Act Becomes Law Today; A Bold Step to Ending Housing Discrimination in NYC [Press release]. https://www.fairchancehousing.org/news

226Tanner, M. D. (2021, October 21). Poverty and Criminal Justice Reform. Cato Institute. https://www.cato.org/study/po…minal-justice-reform

227Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2014). Incarceration and Intergenerational Social Exclusion. Social Problems, 54(4), 399–433. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.4.399

228Wang, L. (2022, August 11). Both sides of the bars: How mass incarceration punishes families. Briefings. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/…ental_incarceration/

229Cox, M. (2009). The Relationships Between Episodes of Parental Incarceration and Students' Psycho-Social and Educational Outcomes: An Analysis of Risk Factors. [Doctoral dissertation, Temple University]. ScholarShare, Temple University.

230Martin, E. (2017, March 1). Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children National Institute of Justice Journal, 278, 1-60. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/ar…n-dependent-children

231Citizens Budget Commission. (2020, January 28). Peeking Behind the Curtain, Understanding How Policies, Priorities, Prices, and Mandates Increase NYC Spending. CBC. https://cbcny.org/research/peeking-behind-curtain

232New York City Comptroller’s Office, Budget Bureau. (2021). NYC Department of Correction: FYs 2011-21 Operating Expenditures, Jail Population, Cost Per Incarcerated Person, Staffing Ratios, Performance Measures Outcomes, And Overtime. New York City Comptroller Scott M. Stringer. https://comptroller.nyc.gov/w…entation_FY_2021.pdf

233Fontaine, J. (2013). The Role of Supportive Housing in Successful Reentry Outcomes for Disabled Prisoners. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(3), 53-75. https://www.huduser.gov/porta…pe/vol15num3/ch3.pdf

233aCunningham, M., Hanson, D., Gillespie, S., Pergamit, M., Oneto, A., Spauster, P., O’Brien, T., & Sweitzer, L. (2021). Breaking the Homelessness-Jail Cycle with Housing First: Results from the Denver Supportive Housing Social Impact Bond Initiative. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/104501/breaking-the-homelessness-jail-cycle-with-housing-first_1.pdf

233bCorporation for Supportive Housing (CSH). (2022). Advancing Supportive Housing Solutions to Reduce Homelessness for People Impacted by the Criminal Legal System: A Report for New York City Leaders. CSH. https://www.csh.org/wp-conten…nal-Legal-System.pdf (Note: The total cost of providing supportive housing, including operations, services and new construction, is nearly $10 billion less than the cost of incarceration for the same number of people over eight years).

234Wang, H. L., & Devarajan, K. (2019, December 31). 'Your Body Being Used': Where Prisoners Who Can't Vote Fill Voting Districts. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/…ill-voting-districts

235Haverty, N. (2021, October 15). By counting prisoners where they're incarcerated, Wisconsin shifts voter clout from cities to small towns. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. https://www.jsonline.com/in-d…andering/5950103001/

236Smith, J. (2004, November 12). Prisoners of the Census. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/…ronicle11122004.html

236aWang, H. L. (2021, September 26). Most Prisoners Can’t Vote, But They’re Still Counted in Voting Districts. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/2…essional-legislative

237Thompson, C. (2018, November 21). Treatment Denied: The Mental Health Crisis in Federal Prisons. The Marshall Project. https://www.themarshallproject.org/2018/11/21/treatment-denied-the-mental-health-crisis-in-federal-prisons

237aThompson, C. (2018, November 21). Treatment Denied: The Mental Health Crisis in Federal Prisons. The Marshall Project. https://www.themarshallproject.org/2018/11/21/treatment-denied-the-mental-health-crisis-in-federal-prisons

238Quandt, K. R., & Jones, A. (2021, May 21). Research Roundup: Incarceration can cause lasting damage to mental health. Briefings. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2021/05/13/mentalhealthimpacts/

239Quandt, K. R., & Jones, A. (2021, May 21). Research Roundup: Incarceration can cause lasting damage to mental health. Briefings. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2021/05/13/mentalhealthimpacts/

240Addison, H. A., Richmond, T. S., Lewis, L. M., & Jacoby, S. (2022). Mental health outcomes in formerly incarcerated Black Men: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(7), 1851-1869. DOI: 10.1111/jan.15235

241Fuller, D. A., Lamb, H. R., Biasotti, M., & Snook, J. (2015). Overlooked in the Undercounted: The Role of Mental Illness in Fatal Law Enforcement Encounters. Treatment Advocacy Center, Office of Research & Public Affairs. https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/reports_publications/overlooked-in-the-undercounted-the-role-of-mental-illness-in-fatal-law-enforcement-encounters/

242Fuller, D. A., Lamb, H. R., Biasotti, M., & Snook, J. (2015). Overlooked in the Undercounted: The Role of Mental Illness in Fatal Law Enforcement Encounters. Treatment Advocacy Center, Office of Research & Public Affairs. https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/reports_publications/overlooked-in-the-undercounted-the-role-of-mental-illness-in-fatal-law-enforcement-encounters/

243Tanner, M. D. (2021, October 21). Poverty and Criminal Justice Reform. Cato Institute. https://www.cato.org/study/poverty-criminal-justice-reform

244Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/

245Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/

246Yahner, J., & Visher C. (2008). Illinois Prisoners' Reentry Success Three Years After Release. Urban Institute. www.urban.org/sites/default/f…rs-after-Release.PDF

248Solomon, A., Thomson, G., & Keegan, S. (2008). Prisoner Reentry in Michigan. Urban Institute. www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/58241/411172-Prisoner-Reentry-in-Michigan.PDF

249Chicago Million Dollar Blocks. (n.d.). https://chicagosmilliondollarblocks.com/

250Los Angeles City Controller Kenneth Mejia. (2023). 41.18 Arrests Map (Jan 2012 - May 2023). https://controller.lacity.gov/landings/4118

251Dupuy, D., Lee, E., Tso, M., & Lytle Hernández, K. (2020). Black People in the Los Angeles County Jail: Bookings by the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department (2019). The Million Dollar Hoods Project. https://bunchecenterdev2.pre.ss.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2021/01/BlackPeopleinLACtyJail_2019_FINAL.pdf

Back to top